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The prostate is a
walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system.
The gland is made of two lobes, or regions, enclosed by an outer layer
of tissue. As the diagrams show, the prostate is located in front of
the rectum and just below the bladder, where urine is stored. The
prostate also surrounds the urethra, the canal through which urine
passes out of the body.
Scientists do not know all
the prostate's functions. One of its main roles, though, is to squeeze
fluid into the urethra as sperm move through during sexual climax.
This fluid, which helps make up semen, energizes the sperm and makes
the vaginal canal less acidic.
One of the gland's main
roles is to squeeze fluid into the urethra as sperm move through
during sexual climax.
What is
Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer develops
from cells of the prostate gland. Eventually the cancer cells may spread
outside the gland to other parts of the body. Most prostate cancers grow
very slowly. Autopsy studies show that many elderly men who died of
other diseases also had a prostate cancer that neither they nor their
doctor were aware of. But some prostate cancers can grow and spread
quickly.
The prostate gland is about
the size of a walnut and is located in front of the rectum, behind the
base of the penis, and under the bladder. It is found only in men, and
contains gland cells that produce some of the seminal fluid, which
protects and nourishes sperm cells.
The prostate surrounds the
upper part of the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen
out of the penis. Nerves located next to the prostate take part in
causing an erection of the penis, and treatments that remove or damage
these nerves can cause erectile dysfunction, also known as
impotence.
Lymph is
a clear fluid that contains tissue waste products and immune system
cells. Lymphatic vessels carry this fluid to lymph nodes
(small, bean-shaped collections of immune system cells important in
fighting infections). Most lymphatic vessels of the prostate lead to
pelvic lymph nodes. Cancer cells can enter lymph vessels and spread
out along these vessels to reach lymph nodes, where they can continue
to grow. If prostate cancer cells have multiplied in the pelvic lymph
nodes, they are more likely to have spread to other organs of the body
as well.
Although several other cell
types are found in the prostate, over 99% of prostate cancers develop
from glandular cells. The medical term for a cancer that starts in
glandular cells is adenocarcinoma. Because other types of
prostate cancer are so rare, when someone speaks of prostate cancer it
is assumed they are referring to a prostatic adenocarcinoma, unless
they specifically mention some other cell type.
Prostatic intraepithelial
neoplasia (PIN) is a
condition in which there are changes in the microscopic appearance (the
size, shape, or the rate at which they multiply) of prostate epithelial
cells. Older men are more likely to have this condition. PIN is
classified as either low grade or high grade. If a person has high grade
PIN, repeat biopsies and PSA tests should be done regularly. PIN may
lead to the development of prostate cancer. At this time there is no
standard treatment for PIN. Studies are being done to determine if
treatments used for BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) are also
effective in treating PIN.
WHAT ARE THE KEY
STATISTICS ABOUT PROSTATE CANCER?
Prostate cancer is the most
common cancer, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers, in American men. The
American Cancer Society estimates during 2000 approximately 180,400 new
cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the United States.
Prostate cancer is the
second leading cause of cancer death in men, exceeded only by lung
cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that 31,900 men in the
United States will die of this disease during 2000. Prostate cancer
accounts for about 11% of male cancer-related deaths.
The 5-year survival rates
discussed in this section refer to the percent of men who live at least
5 years after their cancer is diagnosed. It is important to remember
that many of these men live much longer than 5 years after diagnosis. Of
course, 5-year survival rates are based on patients diagnosed and
initially treated more than 5 years ago. Improvements in treatment often
result in a more favorable outlook for recently diagnosed men. And the
survival statistics in this section include all men diagnosed with
prostate cancer, regardless of their treatment. The prognosis for a man
depends on the extent of his cancer but is also affected by factors such
as the treatment he chooses and other individual aspects of his medical
situation.
Eighty-nine percent of men
diagnosed with prostate cancer survive at least 5 years, and 63% survive
at least 10 years. Fifty-eight percent of all prostate cancers are found
while they are still localized (that is, confined to the prostate), and
the 5-year relative survival rate for men with localized prostate cancer
is 100%. Thirty-one percent of prostate cancers have already spread
locally (to tissues near the prostate) at the time of diagnosis. The
5-year survival rate for these men is 94%. Among the 11% of men whose
prostate cancers have already spread to distant parts of the body at the
time of diagnosis, about 31% are expected to survive at least five
years.
Back
to Penis Anatomy
RELATED
WEBSITES ON PROSTATE CANCER
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WEBSITES ON PROSTATE DISEASE
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WEBSITES ON PROSTATE REMOVAL
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